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- Volume 03 | Issue 06 | Article Id IJPS/250305892
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Manisha Mendke * Varsha Sanap Priyanka Mohite
Women's College of Pharmacy, Peth Vadgaon, Tal -Hatkanangale, Dist -Kolhapur, Maharashtra -416112
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Abstract
An essential part of the Indian traditional medical system, Ayurveda, is the medicinal herb Pterocarpus santalinus, which has a variety of uses. The plant is well known for its unique wood, which is distinguished by its stunning hue and beauty. Triterpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids may be present, according to phytochemical study. This drug is used to treat eye conditions, ulcers, induce vomiting, and cause mental disorders. Heartwood is well-known for its cooling, aphrodisiac, diaphoretic, anthelmintic, antihyperglycemic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and tonic qualities. Promising skin protecting benefits can be seen in phytoconstituents such as pterostilbene, cedrol, savinin, lupeol, betulin, ?-eudesmol, and ?-bisabolol that have been extracted and employed in dermatological formulations. P. santalinus's pharmacological effects on health and disease are examined in this review, which also offers a current assessment of its phytochemical, pharmacological, and therapeutic applications.
Keywords
Red sanders, Red Saunders, Yerra Chandanam, Chenchandanam, red sandalwood, Raktachandan.
Introduction
Pterocarpus Santalinus, commonly known as red sandalwood, is a magical herb that has strong therapeutic and skin-care uses. It is an important component of traditional medicine because of its strong qualities and vivid red colour. The multilingual film Red sandalwood trees are popular, but their wood is trafficked into other nations, as Pushpa examines. Many years of fighting diseases taught man to look for pharmaceuticals in the bark, seeds, fruit bodies, and other parts of plants, which led to an awareness of the use of medicinal plants. Humans have been using medicinal herbs for a very long time—since ancient times. Original plant medicines, monuments, and written records all attest to their use. [1] Knowledge of their medicinal qualities has improved doctors' and pharmacists' capacity to address health issues. [2] Eighty percent of underdeveloped nations rely on traditional medicines for primary treatment, according to the World Health Organisation. In order to promote sustainable practices, rural populations gather medicinal herbs from forests.[3] It has frequently been documented that traditional medicines and medicinal plants are used as therapeutic agents to maintain good health in the majority of developing nations. [4] The tropical tree Rakthachandan, which belongs to the Fabaceae family, has several health advantages, especially its medicinally useful heartwood.
The deciduous P. santalinus tree has pink stripes and thick, dark brown bark. It creates santalin, a natural dye used in food colouring and pharmaceutical formulations.is the botanical name for Pterocarpus santalinus, a medicinal herb with anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antipyretic, and anti-hyperglycemic qualities. Its leaves contain active phytoconstituents such as triterpenoid and steroids that exhibit antifungal action. In Ayurveda, its heartwood is used to treat ailments like skin, diabetes, headaches, and jaundice.[5]
In addition to standardising Ayurvedic and Siddha formulations that use Pterocarpus santalinus heartwood as a powder ingredient, microscopic analysis attempts to identify and authenticate the raw medication. Numerous phyto-constituents, such as acylated isoflavone glucoside, isoflavone-liquiritigenin, isopterocarpone, pterocarptriol, cryptomeridiol, and santalin A and B, are found in the heartwood of red sandalwood.
[9]Adulterants and substitutes: Adenanthera pavonina Wild heartwood. Also called 'Ranjana' and 'Raktakambal' on the West Bengali side. 'Bari Gumchi' is another name for it in Northern India. It is a member of the family Mimosaceae. Tree-derived sawdust and artificially coloured wood shavings are marketed as low-cost alternatives to red sanders and are used to treat wounds, inflammation, and illnesses. Heartwood and red dye from Adenanthera pavonina Linn, whereas red sandal wood is mixed with Rose wood, Padauk, and Bijasel because of their similar appearances [10]. Wood is used instead. [9]
HISTORY
The Fabaceae family's Pterocarpus genus of trees [6] is well-known for its precious timber, especially padauk, which is also known as mukwa or narra."Wing fruit" is the Latinized Ancient Greek scientific name, which alludes to the peculiar form of the seed pods of this genus. Originating from either African or Asian Pterocarpus species, padauk wood is prized for its strength, stability, and aesthetic appeal. There are currently 35 recognised and widespread Pterocarpus species in the world, according to research. [7, 8] These include Pterocarpus amazonum (Benth.), Pterocarpus angolensis, Pterocarpus acapulcensis, Pterocarpus albopubescens, Harms, Pterocarpus antunesii (Taub.), Pterocarpus echinatus Pers., Pterocarpus brenanii, Pterocarpus claessensii, and Pterocarpus dalbergioides Eraceus Pterocarpus, Gilletii Pterocarpus, The Pterocarpus hockii, homblei, and Pterocarpus indicus Pashu Padauk, Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Pterocarpus marsupium, Pterocarpus mildbraedii Harms, Mutondo Pterocarpus, Jacq. Pterocarpus officinalis Orbiculatus Pterocarpus DC, Pterocarpus rotundifolius (Sond.) Druce, Pterocarpus rohrii Vahl, Pterocarpus osun Craib, Santalinoides Pterocarpus, Santalinus Pterocarpus, Rizzini, Pterocarpus ternatus, Harms, Pterocarpus tessmannii Welw's Pterocarpus tinctorius .The majority of these species—Pterocarpus velutinus, Pterocarpus villosus Benth, Pterocarpus violaceus Vogel, Pterocarpus zehntneri Harms, and Pterocarpus zenkeri Harms—are found in Africa, particularly in Nigeria, Cameroon, Sierra Leone, and Equatorial Guinea, and some in Asia. The most significant and frequently used Pterocarpus species is Pterocarpus santalinus Linn. However, despite the species' growing demand, accurate data must be gathered.
TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION -[Biological classification]
- Domain-Eukaryota
- Kingdom - Plantae
- Subkingdom-Viridaeplantae
- Phylum -Mangoliophyta
- Subphylum-Euphyllophytina
- Class-Mangoliopsida
- Subclass-Rosidae
- Order -Fabales
- Family ?Fabaceae
- Subfamily -Faboideae
- Genus -Pterocarpus
- Species ?P.santalinus
- Botanical Name ?Pterocarpus santalinus L.f
SYNONYMS
Alternatives to Red Sandalwood Red sandalwood, scientifically known as Pterocarpus santalinus, is also known by a variety of colloquial names, including Redsanders, Rubywood, Saunderswood, Sandalwood Padauk, and Santal Rouge. [11]
Its other regional names include:
Hindi: Lal Chandan, Ragat Chandan Undum, Rathasanthanam
Tamil: Senjantanam
Sanskrit: Raktsaara, Rakta chandana
Malayalam: Rakthachandana
Kannada: Rakthachandanam
Telugu: Kempugandha
Marathi: Tambada Chandan
Gujrati: Patanjali [12, 13]
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
Pterocarpus Santalinus is an endemic species that grows in the hills of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. It has also been brought to Sri Lanka and is grown in Maharashtra, Odisha, and West Bengal. [14]
CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION
Traditionally, P. santalinus is propagated by vegetative and seed methods. Red loam soils that drain effectively and a hot, dry climate are necessary for seed germination. For early germination, seeds need to be treated with GA3 and benzyladenine. For growth, the plant needs 800-1000 mm of rainfall every year. It can be soaked in slurry made from cow dung or cold water. Topsoil is carefully mixed with 1015 kg of farm yard manure and 10 g of lindane dust to fill the 45 × 45 × 45 cm pits, which are dug at a distance of 4 × 4 m. To safeguard planting stock, pits are filled with lindane dust, dung, and topsoil. In order to shield the planting stock from soil-borne fungus, soil is combined with lindane dust and farm yard manure in pits. The best months to raise seeds are March through May. Crops should be planted in late May or early June, when it's raining, and watered as soon as possible after transplanting, with intervals of up to 15 days. [15]
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
The macroscopic and organoleptic features of the leaves and stem of P. santalinus, such as the long petiole, smooth surface, and alternating, simple leaf with a full edge. [16]
Table 1: Organoleptic features of P. santalinus leaf stem and bark [16]
Parts | leaves | stem | bark |
Arrangement | Alternate | - | |
Size | 15.5 cm long, 13.7 cm wide(trifoliate leaf) 10.5cm long and 8.9cm wide(single leaf) | 50 to 51cm diameter in trunk and 8 to 9 meter (26feet) tall | Heartwood about 1m long and 7-15 cm in diameter |
Shape | Lanceolate to ovate | Cylindrical | Irregular and mostly cylindrical |
Colour | Green | Reddish brown | Deep red, reddish brown or dusky red, black |
Odour | Fragrant scent | Fragrant scent | Not specific odour, except mild woody smell |
Taste | Fragrant taste | Aesthetics (Rasa | Slightly astringent and bitter |
Appearance | Smooth | Rough & Scabrous | Rugged bark and pale sapwood |
Margin | Entire | - | - |
Apex | Subacute | - | -- |
Base | Symmetrical | - | - |
Petiole | Long (5.5 cm) | - | - |
veination | Reticulate veination | - | - |
Texture | Semi smooth | Dark Radish brown color. | Hard, rigged and longitudinal striation |
Outer surface | smooth | Rough surface | Rough surface |
MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTCS:
fig:1
The transverse portion of heartwood is reddish brown, and it features radial rows of two to three vessels with tylosis as well as dispersed porous vessels. The paratracheal, aliform, and medullary rays of the parenchyma are parallel and contain calcium oxalate crystals and starch grains. Fibres, parenchyma, tracheids, and vessels with pits and border pits intersect medullary rays.
Fig: 2
POWDER MICROSCOPY:
Prismmatic calcium oxalate crystals, oil globules, simple starch grains, barrel-shaped pitted and border-pitted vessels with tylosis, thick-walled, broad lumens with long sharp ends, and a few forked and needle-eye end fibres are all visible in the powder (Fig. 2).
QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS
The methods of Harborne [17] and Ram et al. [18] were followed in order to detect alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, phlobatanins, saponins, steroids, cardiac glycosides, triterpenes, and anthocyanins. The (+) sign denoted the existence of the particular phytochemicals, whereas the (-) sign denoted the group's absence.
Physicochemical analysis
According to WHO criteria, the physicochemical parameters, including extractive value, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, water-soluble ash, sulphated ash, and loss on drying, were measured [19]. The steps taken are as previously mentioned [20].
Table: 2 Qualitative phytochemical analysis of leaf stem and bark[16]
NO | Phytochemical test | leaf | stem | bark |
1 | Alkaloid | |||
Mayer’s reagent | - | - | - | |
Dragondroff’s Reagent | + | - | - | |
Wagner’s Reagent | - | - | + | |
2 | Flavonoids | + | ++ | ++++ |
3 | Tannins | ++ | ++ | + |
4 | Phlobatannis | - | - | - |
5 | Saponins | +++ | +++ | - |
6 | Steroids | + | - | ++++ |
7 | Cardiac glycosides | + | - | - |
8 | Triterpenes | ++ | +++ | ++ |
9 | Anthocyanin | + | - | - |
Note: (++++)-High amount,(+++)-Moderate amount,(++)-Less amount,(+)-Very less amount,(-)-Absent
PHYTOCHEMISTRY OF P.SANTALINUS
Phytochemical examination of the plant showed that it included alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, saponins, and tannins. [21, 22] Pterocarpol, santalin A, B, and Y, pterocarptriol, isopterocarpalone, pterocarpodiolones with β-eudesmol, and cryptomeridiol are among the substances that have been reported to be present in heartwood powder. [23] Isoflavones, isoflavonoid glucosides, triterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and related phenolic compounds such as β-sitosterol, lupeol, epicatechin, lignans, and pterostilbenes are among the nonspecific chemicals described in the book. [Table 3] [24–28]
Table: 3 Phytochemistry of P. santalinus
Part | Chemical class of phytocomponent | Names of phytocomponent |
Bark | Terpenoids, steroid | β?amyrone, betulin, lupenone, β?sitosterol |
Leaves | Triterpenes, steroids | Lupenone, lupeol, β?amyrone, epilupeol, β?amyrin, stigmasterol, β?sitosterol |
Stem and heartwood | Carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides stilbene, lignin and lignans, isoflavones, sesquiterpenes, coumarins, aurone glycosides | Santalin A, santalin B, santalin C, cryptomeridiol, oleanolic acid, pterocarpol, pterocarptriol, pterocarpdiolone, pterostilbene savinin, eudesmin, neoflavones I and II, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, eudesmol: α,β,γ isomers, β?santalol, pterocarpol, isopterocarpolone, pterocarptriol, cryptomeridiol, canusesnol K, canusesnol L 12,15?Dihydroxy?Curcumene, 5?Hydroxy?7?O?(3?methyl)?but?2?enylcoumarin, 3?aryl coumarin, 6?Hydroxy?7?methoxy?2H?chromen?2?one, 6?Hydroxy?5?methyl?3’,4’,5’?trimethoxy aurone?4?O?α?L?rhamnopyranoside, 6,4’?dihydroxy aurone?4?O?rutinoside |
Various parts | Phenolic acids | Syringic acid, 2,4?Dihydroxy?benzoic acid ferulic acid, 2H?1?Benzopyran?2?one |
USES
Fever, pain, and parasite infections may be lessened by Pterocarpus santalinus's antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anthelmintic, cooling, blood-sugar-lowering, anti-cancer, and antibacterial qualities. A natural cure for animal bites from spiders, snakes, or scorpions is red sandalwood, which can be applied as an antiseptic ointment. While Dal Chandan, when rubbed with honey, water, ghee, and oil, can help with visual abnormalities, Red Sandalwood paste can help with headaches.
As a chemotherapeutic agent, red sandalwood may be able to stop the growth of malignant cells and encourage apoptosis, which is the death of those cells. [29] Rakthachandan is a medicinal herb used in Ayurveda to treat ailments like diabetes, headaches, jaundice, skin disorders, inflammation, and wound healing. It has anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antipyretic, and anti-hyperglycemic qualities. [30]
Table: 4 Pharmacology Of P. Santalinus [ 30 ,31]
Pharmacological actions | Part used | Active phytoconstituent | Extract | Mechanism of action |
Anticholinesterase | Bark | Terpenoids, steroid | Methanol | Inhibition of brain acetylcholinesterase and enhancement in memory in mice |
Antifungal | Leaves | Triterpenes, steroids | Ethyl acetate | Disruption of the fungal cell wall by flavonoids |
Hypoglycemic effect | Bark | Terpenoids, steroid | Aqueous, ethanol, hexane | Activation of the remnant beta cells and improvement in insulin response at cellular level |
Antipyretic | Heartwood | Carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides stilbene, lignin and lignans, isoflavones, sesquiterpenes, coumarins, aurone glycosides | Aqueous | Prevention of activation of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin formation |
Antibacterial | Bark and leaves | Triterpenes, steroids Terpenoids, steroid | Methanol | Inactivation of microbial enzymes, transport proteins and adhesins, loss of cell membrane integrity |
Hepatoprotective effect | Heartwood | Carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides stilbene, lignin and lignans, isoflavones, sesquiterpenes, coumarins, aurone glycosides | Methanol | Enhancement of antioxidant enzymes in the liver in rats |
Nephroprotective | Heartwood | Carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides stilbene, lignin and lignans, isoflavones, sesquiterpenes, coumarins, aurone glycosides | Methanol | Enhancement of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GST in the kidney in rats |
Antityrosinase | Heartwood | Carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides stilbene, lignin and lignans, isoflavones, sesquiterpenes, coumarins, aurone glycosides | Acetone extract | Down regulation of tyrosinase, TRP?1TRP?2 and MITF (precursors for melanogenesis) |
Wound healing | Stem powder | Carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides stilbene, lignin and lignans, isoflavones, sesquiterpenes, aurone glycosides | - | Stimulation of generation of proteins and factors which regenerated the extracellular matrix |
Anti?ulcer | Heartwood | Carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides stilbene, lignin and lignans, isoflavones, sesquiterpenes, coumarins, aurone glycosides | Ethanol | Anti ?Helicobacter pylori |
Anti-tumor activity | Seed, stem, leaves and bark | Carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides stilbene, lignin and lignans, isoflavones, sesquiterpenes, coumarins, aurone glycosides, steroids, phenol. | Ethanolic seed extract and other methanolic extract | Proved cytotoxic against cervical and breast cancer cell lines by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay |
Atopic dermatitis | Stem and heartwood | Carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides stilbene, lignin and lignans, isoflavones, sesquiterpenes, coumarins, aurone glycosides | Ethanolic extract | Inhibition of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interleukin (IL)-4/polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. reduction in inflammation |
SOD: Superoxide dismutase, CAT: Catalase, GPx: Glutathione peroxidase, GR: Glutathione reductase, GST: Glutathione S?transferase
ADVERSE EFFECT
Red sandalwood might be safe if used sparingly. According to a 1996 case study by Sandra et al., red sandalwood powder can result in minor facial oedema, irritating erythema, and allergic contact dermatitis. It's critical to speak with your doctor right away and get the right care if you have any negative effects from using red sandalwood. Pregnant or nursing women should not apply the extracts to their skin, and they should be avoided if they cause irritation. [29]
MARKETED FORMULATION:
The following are the traditional dosage forms of Pterocarpus santalinus that are developed based on Ayurveda:
Dosage form | Brand name | Company name | dose | Price | Use | Reference |
Soap | KAMA Ayurveda | KAMA Ayurveda Private Limited | 125 g | 795 | Cure skin related issues | [32] |
cream | Bipha Ayurveda | BIPHA Ayurveda | 75 g | 1436 | Act as moisturizer | [33] |
Powder | Dr Jain?s Raktachandan powder | 45 g | 265 | Act as anti-inflammatory | [34] | |
syrup | Baidyanath | Shree Baidyanath Ayurved bhawan (p) limited (Jhansi) | 200 ml | 120 | Blood purifier | [35] |
Cream | Aroma | Aroma herbs and Ayurvedic IND pvt.ltd | 70 g | 265 | All skin purpose | [36] |
Tablet | Sai store sandalwood tablets | Sai store | 200 g | 139 | fragrance | [37] |
Asavas | Sandu Chandanasav | SANDU PHARMACEUTICAL LTD | 450 ml | 320 | Cooling effect, urinary infection | [38] |
Essential oil | Derma cure | Derma cure | 30 ml | 610 | Anti pigmentation and toner | [39] |
NOVEL APPROACH OF P. Santalinus:
With sizes ranging from 1 to 100 nm, nanoparticles are crucial in many different technological domains. The new formulation provides tailored drug distribution above traditional dose forms. If the preparation is constructed of biodegradable components, it can provide long-term, continuous medication release. Thus, nanotechnology incorporates green chemistry. All components of the medicinal plant Pterocarpus santalinus, including the stem, bark, leaves, and seeds, have therapeutic benefits. Accordingly, the study shows that at high concentrations, red sandal-mediated silver nanoparticles have moderate cytotoxic and antioxidant effect. [40–45]
HOME REMEDIES
several writings and traditions make reference to the red sandalwood tree and its several Ayurvedic indications, which include:
- Powdered red sandalwood and coconut oil Apply a paste made from red sandalwood powder and coconut oil to dry areas for 15 minutes, then rinse and pat dry. It is well known that red sandalwood powder nourishes skin cells.
- Red sandal wood powder and lemon juice In a bowl, combine the red sandalwood powder and lemon juice to make a paste. Apply the paste to your face, let it sit for ten minutes, then rinse and pat dry. It tightens the pores and aids in controlling sebum production.
- Red sandalwood powder and rose water are combined to make a paste, which is then applied to the face for 15 minutes, rinsed, and patted dry. This pack efficiently reduces acne, scars, and inflammation; for even better results, add honey and turmeric.
- Red sandalwood powder and papaya In a bowl, combine red sandalwood powder and mashed papaya to make a paste. Apply to the face, let it sit for ten minutes, then rinse and pat dry to exfoliate. Your skin will feel renewed and fresh after using this face pack to help you remove dead skin cells.
- Milk, curd, and powdered red sandalwood In a bowl, combine curd, milk, turmeric, and red sandalwood powder. For a glowing complexion, apply the paste to your face, allow it to dry, and then wash it off with lukewarm water.
- Red sandalwood powder and milk In a bowl, combine milk and red sandalwood powder to make a paste, apply to the face, let it sit for ten minutes, rinse, and then pat dry. This pack lessens pigmentation and aids in the removal of dark spots. See the beneficial effects by doing this daily.
- Powdered red sandalwood with cucumber juice In a bowl, combine the red sandalwood powder and cucumber juice. Apply to the face, let it sit for ten minutes, then rinse and pat dry. Use this pack every day to observe immediate effects in erasing sun tan.
- Red sandalwood powder, coconut oil, and almond oil In a bowl, combine coconut oil, almond oil, and red sandalwood powder. Put the paste on your face, let it sit for ten minutes, then rinse and pat it dry. Regular use will result in soft, radiant skin. [46]
CONCLUSION
P. santalinus contains phytoconstituents such as terpenoids, flavonoids, and pterostilbene, which have a variety of health benefits, including neuroprotection, antimicrobial, hypoglycemic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anticancer, gastroprotective, and wound-healing properties. This review includes a brief description of the phytoconstituents and pharmacological activities of P. santalinus. The review offers proof that P. santalinus is a useful natural medication for other studies. Given that P. santalinus is regarded as a valuable health resource, more preclinical and clinical research is advised to assess its safety and therapeutic effectiveness.
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- Kim M, Lee KE, Nam JJ, Kim Y. Inhibitory effect of Pterocarpus santalinus and Buddleia officinalis on mediator of skin inflammation, especially atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016;80:911-9.
- https://www.kamaayurveda.in/red-sandalwood-soap.html?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=KA_PerformanceMax_NewUsers&gad_source=4&gclid=CjwKCAiAuYuvBhApEiwAzq_YiRrCXR9TElycos9P6JgJvEs5z_5ZhFkWo3kohqWi4_Ys02E1EQxG_xoCoKAQAvD_BwE
- https://www.amazon.in/Bipha-Ayurveda-Sandalwood-Cream-75gm/dp/B00HZDDQX8/ref=asc_df_B00HZDDQX8/?tag=googleshopmob-21&linkCode=df0&hvadid=397079929168&hvpos=&hvnetw=g&hvrand=5748695944147400341&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=m&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=1007783&hvtargid=pla-404766821959&psc=1&mcid=7ed3e31fee723641b87e15a2599eb3f5&ext_vrnc=hi&gclid=CjwKCAiAuYuvBhApEiwAzq_YiT7oP1gelR80GDGd70ZsggBB9QHe-pZZS0NBi6m5qZ-BizZQV1LiohoC_agQAvD_BwE
- https://dl.flipkart.com/dl/dr-jain-s-raktachandan-powder-45grams/p/itm31f5be0c39e1e?pid=BSTGCBDUVHDPEKK4&cmpid=product.share.pp&_refId=PP.d3f8312d-04a3-4632-8eb7-c741058030eb.BSTGCBDUVHDPEKK4&_appId=WA
- https://www.1mg.com/otc/baidyanath-jhansi-raktashodhak-syrup-otc614094
- https://amzn.eu/d/iBltuiK
- https://www.jiomart.com/p/groceries/saiostore-sandalwood-tablets-santhanam-tablets-chandanam-chandan-tablets-200g/601106488
- https://sandu.in/product/sandu-chandanasav-450-ml/
- https://www.herbkart.com/daily-glowboosting-red-sandalwood-oil-raktha-chandan-from-kerala-30-ml/?wmc-currency=INR&srsltid=AfmBOopL7W7_V_RhemF1B5Xo-6jnvXxHNjkg_6akhJM2bY2LebvMl1lcRrA
- Danda AK. Comparison of a single noncompression miniplate versus 2 noncompression miniplates in the treatment of mandibular angle fractures: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Jul; 68(7):1565?7.
- Robert R, Justin Raj C, Krishnan S, Jerome Das S. Growth, theoretical and optical studies on potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystals by modified Sankaranarayanan?Ramasamy (mSR) method [Internet]. Physica B: Condensed Matter. 2010;405:20?4. Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2009.08.015
- Krishnan V, Lakshmi T. Bioglass: A novel biocompatible innovation. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2013 Apr;4(2):78?83
- Soh CL, Narayanan V. Quality of life assessment in patients with dentofacial deformity undergoing orthognathic surgery?A systematic review [Internet]. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2013;42:974?80. Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2013.03.023
- Lekha L, Kanmani Raja K, Rajagopal G, Easwaramoorthy D. Schiff base complexes of rare earth metal ions: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity for the oxidation of aniline and substituted anilines [Internet]. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 2014;753:72?80. Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.12.014
- Dhinesh B, Isaac JoshuaRamesh Lalvani J, Parthasarathy M, Annamalai K. An assessment on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of single cylinder diesel engine powered by Cymbopogon flexuosus biofuel [Internet]. Energy Conversion and Management. 2016;117:466?74. Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.03.049
- Narureloc.12 December 2021.8 Easy home remedies to use red sandalwood for skin health. https://healthyliving.natureloc.com/8-easy-home-remedies-red-sandalwood-skin/.
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- Kuchekar M,et al A database on phytochemistry and pharmacology of pterocarpus santalinus and its role in dermatology. Asian J Pharm and Clinical Research, 2022,vol 15,18-24
- Kim M, Lee KE, Nam JJ, Kim Y. Inhibitory effect of Pterocarpus santalinus and Buddleia officinalis on mediator of skin inflammation, especially atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016;80:911-9.
- https://www.kamaayurveda.in/red-sandalwood-soap.html?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=KA_PerformanceMax_NewUsers&gad_source=4&gclid=CjwKCAiAuYuvBhApEiwAzq_YiRrCXR9TElycos9P6JgJvEs5z_5ZhFkWo3kohqWi4_Ys02E1EQxG_xoCoKAQAvD_BwE
- https://www.amazon.in/Bipha-Ayurveda-Sandalwood-Cream-75gm/dp/B00HZDDQX8/ref=asc_df_B00HZDDQX8/?tag=googleshopmob-21&linkCode=df0&hvadid=397079929168&hvpos=&hvnetw=g&hvrand=5748695944147400341&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=m&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=1007783&hvtargid=pla-404766821959&psc=1&mcid=7ed3e31fee723641b87e15a2599eb3f5&ext_vrnc=hi&gclid=CjwKCAiAuYuvBhApEiwAzq_YiT7oP1gelR80GDGd70ZsggBB9QHe-pZZS0NBi6m5qZ-BizZQV1LiohoC_agQAvD_BwE
- https://dl.flipkart.com/dl/dr-jain-s-raktachandan-powder-45grams/p/itm31f5be0c39e1e?pid=BSTGCBDUVHDPEKK4&cmpid=product.share.pp&_refId=PP.d3f8312d-04a3-4632-8eb7-c741058030eb.BSTGCBDUVHDPEKK4&_appId=WA
- https://www.1mg.com/otc/baidyanath-jhansi-raktashodhak-syrup-otc614094
- https://amzn.eu/d/iBltuiK
- https://www.jiomart.com/p/groceries/saiostore-sandalwood-tablets-santhanam-tablets-chandanam-chandan-tablets-200g/601106488
- https://sandu.in/product/sandu-chandanasav-450-ml/
- https://www.herbkart.com/daily-glowboosting-red-sandalwood-oil-raktha-chandan-from-kerala-30-ml/?wmc-currency=INR&srsltid=AfmBOopL7W7_V_RhemF1B5Xo-6jnvXxHNjkg_6akhJM2bY2LebvMl1lcRrA
- Danda AK. Comparison of a single noncompression miniplate versus 2 noncompression miniplates in the treatment of mandibular angle fractures: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2010 Jul; 68(7):1565?7.
- Robert R, Justin Raj C, Krishnan S, Jerome Das S. Growth, theoretical and optical studies on potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystals by modified Sankaranarayanan?Ramasamy (mSR) method [Internet]. Physica B: Condensed Matter. 2010;405:20?4. Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2009.08.015
- Krishnan V, Lakshmi T. Bioglass: A novel biocompatible innovation. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2013 Apr;4(2):78?83
- Soh CL, Narayanan V. Quality of life assessment in patients with dentofacial deformity undergoing orthognathic surgery?A systematic review [Internet]. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2013;42:974?80. Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2013.03.023
- Lekha L, Kanmani Raja K, Rajagopal G, Easwaramoorthy D. Schiff base complexes of rare earth metal ions: Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity for the oxidation of aniline and substituted anilines [Internet]. Journal of Organometallic Chemistry. 2014;753:72?80. Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2013.12.014
- Dhinesh B, Isaac JoshuaRamesh Lalvani J, Parthasarathy M, Annamalai K. An assessment on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of single cylinder diesel engine powered by Cymbopogon flexuosus biofuel [Internet]. Energy Conversion and Management. 2016;117:466?74. Available:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.03.049
- Narureloc.12 December 2021.8 Easy home remedies to use red sandalwood for skin health. https://healthyliving.natureloc.com/8-easy-home-remedies-red-sandalwood-skin/.
Manisha Mendke
Corresponding author
Women's College of Pharmacy, Peth Vadgaon, Tal -Hatkanangale, Dist -Kolhapur, Maharashtra -416112
- manishamendke10@gmail.com
Varsha Sanap
Co-author
Women's College of Pharmacy, Peth Vadgaon, Tal -Hatkanangale, Dist -Kolhapur, Maharashtra -416112
- sanapvarsha41@gmail.com
Priyanka Mohite
Co-author
Women's College of Pharmacy, Peth Vadgaon, Tal -Hatkanangale, Dist -Kolhapur, Maharashtra -416112
Manisha Mendke, Varsha Sanap, Priyanka Mohite, A Comphrensive Overview on Pterocarpus Santalinus, Int. J. of Pharm. Sci., 2025, Vol 3, Issue 6, 1822-1835. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15624776
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- 10.5281/zenodo.15624776
Received29 May, 2025
Accepted31 May, 2025
Published09 Jun, 2025
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10.5281/zenodo.15624776Download PDF
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